Insulin degludec in cardiovascular conditions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to insulin degludec for use in medicine.

The present invention relates to the use of a basal insulin in cardiovascular conditions in a subject having at least diabetes.

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia that is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular and other serious health-related consequences. A person with diabetes is two to three times more likely to die from cardiovascular causes than people with no history of diabetes, even after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors. They are also at very high risk of developing serious microvascular complications ultimately leading to premature death: nephropathy and renal failure, retinal disease and blindness, autonomic and peripheral neuropathy, as well as other conditions related to the vascular system: hypertension, lower limb amputation, cognitive decline, and erectile dysfunction.

The majority of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, which is characterised by insulin resistance and eventually impaired insulin secretion. Optimal glycaemic control is the treatment goal in subjects with type 2 diabetes, since the risk of long-term complications is increased with poor glycaemic control. Despite the availability of several oral and injectable anti-diabetic drugs, a significant proportion of subjects with type 2 diabetes do not achieve the recommended target levels. With the increasing incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes, there is an unmet medical need for treatment alternatives with improved efficacy, safety and convenience. With the availability of several basal insulins for the treatment of diabetes there is a need for treatment schemes such that the individual person with diabetes receives the treatment which maximizes treatment efficacy and minimizes known diabetes complications.

WO2013/144273 discloses that administration of a long acting insulin may reduce the risk of a new angina or the risk of a microvascular event in a patient diagnosed with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes.

SUMMARY

In some embodiments the present invention relates to a method for treating diabetes, comprising administration of a basal insulin in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof, wherein said subject has a cardiovascular disease or is at risk of developing a cardiovascular disease and wherein said basal insulin is insulin degludec, and wherein said method delays or reduces major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE).

In some embodiments the present invention relates to a method for treating diabetes, comprising administration of a basal insulin in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof, wherein said subject has a cardiovascular disease or is at risk of developing a cardiovascular disease and wherein said subject is a female, has substantially Asian origin, and/or has substantially African origin,

-   wherein said basal insulin is insulin degludec, and -   wherein said method delays or reduces major adverse cardiovascular     event (MACE).

In some embodiments the present invention relates to the method wherein said subject has

-   -   (i) one or more vascular disease selected from the group         consisting of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease,         peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and chronic         heart failure, and/or     -   (ii) one or more risk factors of vascular disease selected from         the group consisting of microalbuminuria, proteinuria,         hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular         systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction,         and ankle/brachial index <0.9.

In some embodiments the present invention relates to a kit of parts comprising

-   -   insulin degludec,     -   a packaging material, and     -   a label or package insert contained within the packaging         material indicating that subjects receiving the treatment with         insulin degludec can be treated by a method according to the         present invention.

It has surprisingly been found that insulin degludec provides insulin therapy which has an improved outcome for the subjects being treated with respect to time to first MACE.

It has surprisingly also been found that subjects having diabetes which are female subjects, subjects having Asian origin or subjects having African origin all lower hazard ratios significantly when treated with insulin degludec as compared to placebo which is insulin glargine. The present invention allows for prescribing an optimal treatment with a basal insulin to said subjects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Estimated hazard ratio by CV risk score in quartiles.

DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments the present invention relates to a method for treating diabetes, comprising administration of a basal insulin in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof, wherein said subject has a cardiovascular disease or is at risk of developing a cardiovascular disease and wherein said subject is a female, has substantially asian origin, and/or has substantially african origin,

-   wherein said basal insulin is insulin degludec, and -   wherein said method delays or reduces major adverse cardiovascular     event (MACE).

The term “MACE” as used herein refers to major adverse cardiovascular event. In some embodiments MACE is events selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, coronary revascularisation, hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris, and hospitalisation for chronic heart failure. In some embodiments MACE is cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI or non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments MACE is cardiovascular death. In some embodiments MACE is non-fatal MI. In some embodiments MACE is non-fatal stroke. The term “non-fatal MI” as used herein refers to non-fatal myocardial infarction. In some embodiments MACE is events selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments MACE is coronary revascularisation. In some embodiments MACE is hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris. In some embodiments MACE is hospitalisation for chronic heart failure.

In some embodiments the present invention relates to the treatment of a subject having one or more vascular disease selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and chronic heart failure.

In some embodiments the present invention relates to the treatment of a subject having one or more risk factors of vascular disease selected from the group consisting of microalbuminuria, proteinuria, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and ankle/brachial index <0.9.

In some embodiments the present invention relates to the treatment of a subject having

-   -   Type 2 diabetes, and     -   HbA_(1c)≥7.0%     -   or     -   HbA_(1c)<7.0% and current insulin treatment corresponding to ≥20         units/day of basal insulin, and     -   ongoing treatment with one or more oral or injectable         antidiabetic agent(s), and     -   Age ≥50 years at screening and at least one of the below         conditions:         -   prior myocardial infarction         -   prior stroke or prior transient ischaemic attack (TIA)         -   prior coronary, carotid or peripheral arterial             revascularisation         -   >50% stenosis on angiography or other imaging of coronary,             carotid or lower extremity arteries         -   history of symptomatic coronary heart disease documented by             positive exercise stress test or any cardiac imaging, or             unstable angina pectoris with ECG changes         -   asymptomatic cardiac ischemia documented by positive nuclear             imaging test or exercise test or dobutamine stress echo         -   chronic heart failure NYHA class II-III         -   chronic kidney disease corresponding to glomerular             filtration rate 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m² per CKD-EPI     -   or     -   Age ≥60 years at screening and at least one of the below risk         factors:         -   microalbuminuria or proteinuria         -   hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy by ECG or             imaging         -   left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction by             imaging         -   ankle/brachial index <0.9.

In some embodiments the present invention relates to the treatment of a subject having type 2 diabetes. In some embodiments the present invention relates to the treatment of a subject having type 1 diabetes.

In some embodiments the method reduces or delays a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). In some embodiments the method reduces the risk of said subject developing a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE). In some embodiments the method reduces the risk of said subject developing its first MACE. The term “first MACE” as used herein refers to the first MACE event of a subject after initiation of insulin degludec administration.

In some embodiments the one or more risk factors of vascular disease are selected from the group consisting of a) microalbuminuria or proteinuria; b) hypertension and/or left ventricular hypertrophy by ECG or imaging; c) left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction by imaging; and d) ankle/brachial index <0.9. In some embodiments the risk factor of vascular disease is microalbuminuria. In some embodiments the risk factor of vascular disease is proteinuria. In some embodiments the risk factor of vascular disease is hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. In some embodiments the risk factor of vascular disease is left ventricular systolic dysfunction. In some embodiments the risk factor of vascular disease is left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. In some embodiments the risk factor of vascular disease is ankle/brachial index <0.9.

In some embodiments MACE is selected from the group consisting of CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, coronary revascularisation, hospitalisation for heart failure, and hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris.

In some embodiments MACE is selected from the group consisting of CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, coronary revascularisation, and hospitalisation for heart failure. In some embodiments MACE is selected from the group consisting of CV death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments MACE is cardiovascular death. In some embodiments MACE is non-fatal MI. In some embodiments MACE is non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments MACE is reduced or delayed by at least 10% compared to placebo. In some embodiments MACE is reduced or delayed by from about 5% to about 15% compared to placebo. In some embodiments MACE is reduced or delayed by from about 5% to about 10% compared to placebo. In some embodiments MACE is selected from cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke, and wherein said MACE is reduced by at least 10% compared to placebo, at least 20% compared to placebo or at least 30% compared to placebo.

In some embodiments said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.91 compared to placebo. In some embodiments said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.91 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.78;1.06) compared to placebo.

In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 12 months. In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 15 months. In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 18 months. In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 21 months. In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 24 months. In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 30 months. In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 36 months.

In some embodiments said cardiovascular disease or said risk of cardiovascular disease were present before the initiation of administration of insulin degludec.

In some embodiments the risk of said subject developing a MACE is reduced by at least 10% compared to placebo. In some embodiments the risk of said subject developing a MACE is reduced by from about 10% to about 15% compared to placebo. In some embodiments the subject developing its first MACE is reduced or delayed by at least 10% compared to placebo. In some embodiments the MACE is reduced or delayed by from about 10% to about 15% compared to placebo.

In some embodiments the method further reduces the risk of death of said subject, wherein the cause of said death is any cause. In some embodiments the risk of death of said subject is reduced by at least 10% compared to placebo. In some embodiments the risk of death of said subject is reduced by from about 10% to about 20% compared to placebo. In some embodiments the risk of death of said subject is reduced about 15% compared to placebo.

In some embodiments said subject is a female, has substantially Asian origin, and/or has substantially African origin.

In some embodiments said subject is a female. In some embodiments said subject is a female wherein said MACE is reduced by at least 20% compared to placebo. In some embodiments said subject is a female wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.76 compared to placebo. In some embodiments said subject is a female wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.76 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.59;0.99) compared to placebo.

In some embodiments said subject has substantially Asian origin. In some embodiments said subject has substantially Asian origin wherein said MACE is reduced by at least 50% compared to placebo. In some embodiments said subject has substantially asian origin wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.42 compared to placebo. In some embodiments said subject has substantially Asian origin wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.42 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.22;0.81) compared to placebo. The term “substantially Asian origin” means a subject which has mainly Asian origin as commonly understood. This may be determined e.g. by family background, genetic assessments and residence over time. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially Asian origin has residence in Asia. In some embodiments the term “residence” of a subject as used herein refers to the jurisdiction in which said subject has its address registered with the authorities of said jurisdiction, e.g. a country in Asia. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially Asian origin has a genetic profile typical for people having lived in Asia for many generations. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially Asian origin is of Asian origin. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially Asian origin has two parent who have both been born in Asia. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially Asian origin was born in Asia.

In some embodiments said subject has substantially African origin. In some embodiments said subject has substantially African origin wherein said MACE is reduced by at least 60% compared to placebo. In some embodiments said subject has substantially African origin wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.30 compared to placebo. In some embodiments said subject has substantially African origin wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.30 with a 95% confidence interval of (0.12;0.77) compared to placebo. The term “substantially African origin” means a subject which has mainly African origin as commonly understood. This may be determined e.g. by family background, genetic assessments and residence over time. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially African origin has residence in Africa. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially African origin has a genetic profile typical for people having lived in Africa for many generations. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially African origin is of Asian origin. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially African origin has two parent who have both been born in Africa. In some embodiments a subject who has substantially African origin was born in Africa.

In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2. In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of from 30 to 50 mg/m2. In some embodiments the subject has a HbA1c of at least 7%, such as at least 7.5%, or at least 8.0%. In some embodiments the subject has a HbA1c of at least 7.0% or has a HbA1c less than 7.0% combined with being subject to insulin treatment corresponding to at least 20 units/day of basal insulin.

The term “basal insulins” as used herein is intended to mean insulins which have a protracted mode of action, i.e. the time of action is substantially longer than that of human insulin. Non-limiting examples of basal insulins may be found e.g. in WO2005/012347. Commercially available basal insulins include insulin detemir, insulin glargine and insulin degludec.

In some embodiments the subject is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within a period of no more than 10 years prior to initiation of administration of insulin degludec. In some embodiments the subject is at least 50 years of age and has a CV disease. In some embodiments the subject is at least 60 years of age and has a CV disease. In some embodiments the subject does not have chronic heart failure. In some embodiments the subject receives concomitant medication consisting of one oral antidiabetic drug (OAD). In some embodiments the subject has not previously received antidiabetic therapy. In some embodiments the subject does not receive additional antidiabetic therapy. In some embodiments the subject already receives treatment with one or more injectable antidiabetic agent(s). In some embodiments said one or more injectable antidiabetic agent(s) comprises insulin glargine.

In some embodiments the subject has moderate and/or severe renal impairment. In some embodiments the subject has moderate renal impairment. In some embodiments the subject has an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m², such as less than 40 mL/min/1.73 m² or less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m², wherein said eGFR may be determined by MDRD. In some embodiments the subject has an eGFR in the range of 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m², wherein said eGFR may be determined by MDRD. In some embodiments the subject has an eGFR in the range of more than 40 to less than 50 mL/min/1.73 m², wherein said eGFR may be determined by MDRD.

In some embodiments said insulin degludec is administered once daily. In some embodiments said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 9 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 12 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 15 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 18 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 21 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 24 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 27 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 30 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 33 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 36 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke. In some embodiments said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least 42 months and wherein said method reduces or delays cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or non-fatal stroke.

In some embodiments the terms “cardiovascular death” or “CV death” are used interchangeably herein to describe death, wherein the cause of death is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease or is unknown. In some embodiments CV death is selected from the group consisting of death from cardiovascular causes, and deaths for which there was no clearly documented non-vascular cause. Death from cardiovascular causes may include sudden cardiac death, death due to acute myocardial infarction, death due to heart failure, and death due to stroke.

In some embodiments the terms “cardiovascular death” or “CV death” are used interchangeably herein to describe death, wherein the cause of death is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, also referred to herein as “CV death excluding death from unknown cause”.

In some embodiments non-fatal MI is myocardial necrosis consistent with myocardial ischemia without death of the subject. In some embodiments MI is diagnosed based on the redefinitions suggested by the ESC (European Society of Cardiology)/ACCF (American College of Cardiology Foundation)/AHA (American Heart Association)/WHF (World Heart Federation) task force, as described in Thygesen K, et al. “Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction.” J Am Coll Cardiol 2007 Nov. 27; 50 (22): 2173-95.

In some embodiments coronary revascularisation is restoration of blood circulation in the heart, such as achieved by unblocking obstructed or disrupted blood vessels, or by surgically implanting replacements.

In some embodiments hospitalisation for unstable angina pectoris (UAP) is unplanned hospitalisation caused by ischemic symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome and no elevation in cardiac biomarkers, including no elevation of troponin and cardiac biomarkers are negative for myocardial necrosis. Elevation of troponin may be at least 1 value above the 99th percentile of the upper reference limit, e.g. determined as Cardiac troponin I or Cardiac troponin T. Elevation of troponin may be Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (e.g. determined by TnI-Ultra assay on the ADVIA Centaur XP immunoanalyzer, both Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics) of more than 0.04 ng/mL. In some embodiments UAP is not present when STEMI or NSTEMI are present (Criteria for STEMI: New ST segment elevation is present in 2 or more contiguous leads on the 12-lead ECG; Criteria for NSTEMI: ST segment elevation is absent in 2or more contiguous leads on the 12-lead ECG; wherein said ECG shows manifestations of acute myocardial ischemia and may involve 1) ST elevation New ST elevation at the J-point in two contiguous leads with the cutoff points: ≥0.2 mV in men or 0.15 mV in women in leads V2-V3 and/or ≥0.1 mV in other leads; and/or 2) ST depression and T-wave changes New horizontal or down-sloping ST depression ≥0.05 mV in two contiguous leads; and/or T inversion ≥0.1 mV in two contiguous leads with prominent R-wave or R/S ratio >1). Acute coronary syndrome may involve at least one criteria selected from the group consisting of: New or worsening ST or T wave changes on ECG, wherein said ECG changes satisfy at least one of the following criteria for acute myocardial ischemia (in the absence of left ventricular hypertrophy and left bundle branch block): ST elevation; New transient (known to be <20 minutes) ST elevation at the J-point in two contiguous leads with the cut-off points: ≥0.2 mV in men or ≥0.15 mV in women in leads V2-V3 and/or ≥0.1 mV in other leads, ST depression and T-wave changes, New horizontal or down-sloping ST depression ≥0.05 mV in two contiguous leads; and/or T inversion ≥0.1 mV in two contiguous leads with prominent Rwave or R/S ratio >1; Evidence of ischemia on stress testing with cardiac imaging; Evidence of ischemia on stress testing without cardiac imaging but with angiographic evidence of ≥70% lesion and/or thrombus in an epicardial coronary artery or initiation/increased dosing of antianginal therapy; and Angiographic evidence of ≥70% lesion and/or thrombus in an epicardial coronary artery

In some embodiments non-fatal stroke is stroke without death of the subject, wherein stroke includes transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke. In some embodiments transient ischemic attack (TIA) is defined as a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction. In some embodiments ischemic stroke is defined as an acute episode of focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by an infarction of central nervous system tissue that results from a thrombus or embolus impairing central nervous system perfusion (not due to hemorrhage) and is documented by imaging; in addition, evidence of ischemic stroke obtained from autopsy can also confirm the diagnosis, and/or findings on lumbar puncture can be supportive to the diagnosis. In some embodiments hemorrhagic stroke is defined as an acute episode of focal or global cerebral, spinal, or retinal dysfunction caused by a nontraumatic intraparenchymal, intraventricular, or subarachnoid hemorrhage with documentation of cerebral hemorrhage on imaging (e.g., CT or MRI scan), i.e. intraparenchymal, intraparenchymal with penetration into the ventricles, intraventricular, or subarachnoidal hemorrhage; subdural and epidural bleedings are not included; in addition, evidence of hemorrhagic stroke obtained from autopsy can also confirm the diagnosis, and/or findings on lumbar puncture can be supportive to the diagnosis.

In some embodiments hospitalisation for heart failure is hospitalization defined as an admission to an inpatient unit or a visit to an emergency department that results in at least a 12 hour stay, wherein at least one of the following clinical manifestations of heart failure is present: New or worsening dyspnea, new or worsening orthopnea, new or worsening paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, new or worsening edema, new or worsening pulmonary basilar crackles, new or worsening jugular venous distension, new or worsening third heart sound or gallop rhythm, or radiological evidence of worsening heart failure. Hospitalisation for heart failure may also involve (i) additional and/or increased therapy, including a) initiation of intravenous diuretic, inotrope, or vasodilator therapy; b) uptitration of intravenous therapy, if already on therapy; c) initiation of mechanical or surgical intervention (mechanical circulatory support; d) heart transplantation or ventricular pacing to improve cardiac function), or the use of ultrafiltration, hemofiltration, or dialysis that is specifically directed at treatment of heart failure; and/or (ii) biomarker results (e.g., brain natriuretic peptide) consistent with congestive heart failure will be supportive of this diagnosis.

In some embodiments the methods of the present invention reduce the occurrence of an event. In some embodiments “reduces or delays” when used herein with reference to the method of the invention is “reduces the risk of”.

Subject and Subpopulations

The subject to be administered insulin degludec according to the present invention may be human, such as an adult human. The subject to receive insulin degludec administration according to the methods of the present invention may have type 2 diabetes and has (i) one or more vascular diseases selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure, and/or (ii) one or more risk factors of vascular disease. In some embodiments the subject has type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure. The subject may have type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The subject may have type 2 diabetes and cerebrovascular disease. The subject may have type 2 diabetes and peripheral vascular disease. The subject may have type 2 diabetes and chronic renal failure. The subject may have type 2 diabetes and chronic heart failure. In some embodiments the subject has type 2 diabetes and one or more risk factors of vascular disease. These vascular diseases may be referred to as concomitant, i.e. one or more vascular diseases are present in the subject at the same time as type 2 diabetes.

In some embodiments the subject is at least 50 years of age, such as at least 60 years of age.

In some embodiments the subject has HbA_(1c) of at least 7.0%, e.g. prior to receiving insulin degludec administration. In some embodiments the subject has HbA_(1c) of more than 8.3%, e.g. prior to receiving insulin degludec administration. In some embodiments the subject has HbA_(1c) of at least 8.4%, e.g. prior to receiving insulin degludec administration. In some embodiments the subject has HbA_(1c) of at least 9.0%, e.g. prior to receiving insulin degludec administration. HbA_(1c) may be determined according to methods known in the art, for example as a percentage determined according to the method defined by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), see New Engl J Med 1993; 329:977-986.

In some embodiments the subject is, except for insulin degludec, anti-diabetic drug naive or treated with one or more oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) or treated with human NPH insulin or long-acting insulin analogue or premixed insulin, alone or in combination with OAD(s). The subject may be anti-diabetic drug naive. The subject may be treated with one or more oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs). The subject may be treated with human NPH insulin or long-acting insulin analogue or premixed insulin, alone or in combination with OAD(s). In some embodiments the OAD may be selected from the group consisting of sulfonylureas, insulin secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments the OAD is sulfonylurea (e.g. glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide). In some embodiments the OAD is insulin secretagogues (e.g. biguanides such as metformin or meglitinides such as nateglinide). In some embodiments the OAD is thiazolidinediones (e.g. pioglitazone, rosiglitazone). In some embodiments the OAD is alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. acarbose, miglitol, voglibose). In some embodiments the OAD is sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (e.g. dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin). In some embodiments the OAD is dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (e.g. sitagliptin). In some embodiments the OAD is not a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor.

In some embodiments the subject (i) is at least 50 years of age and has cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure, or (ii) is at least 60 years of age and has one or more risk factors of vascular disease. In some embodiments the subject is at least 60 years of age and has cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure. In some embodiments the subject is at least 60 years of age and has cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure.

In some embodiments the subject a) (i) is at least 50 years of age and has one or more vascular diseases selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure, or (ii) is at least 60 years of age and has risk factors of vascular disease; b) has HbA_(1c) of at least 7.0%, e.g. at the time prior to receiving insulin degludec administration; and c) is anti-diabetic drug naive or treated with one or more oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) or treated with human NPH insulin or long-acting insulin analogue or premixed insulin, alone or in combination with OAD(s).

In some embodiments the subject has renal impairment. In some embodiments the subject has moderate renal impairment (i.e. eGFR 30-59 per MDRD). In some embodiments the subject has severe renal impairment (i.e. eGFR <30 per MDRD). In some embodiments the subject has renal impairment, wherein the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is <60, for example <60 mL/min/1.73 m² per Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD). In some embodiments the subject has eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m² per MDRD. In some embodiments the subject has eGFR of <50 mL/min/1.73 m² per MDRD. In some embodiments the subject has eGFR of <40 mL/min/1.73 m² per MDRD. In some embodiments the subject has eGFR of <30 mL/min/1.73 m² per MDRD. In some embodiments the subject has eGFR of ≥10 mL/min/1.73 m² per MDRD. In some embodiments the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is calculated based on serum creatinine concentration followed by either the equation Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) or the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), both involving variables for age, gender, and race of the subject. eGFR determined by MDRD may be referred to as eGFR-MDRD. eGFR determined by CKD-EPI may be referred to as eGFR-CKD-EPI. The eGFR-MDRD equation may be as defined in formula V: eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)=175×(S_(cr))^(−1.154)×(Age)^(−0.203)×(0.742 if female)×(1.212 if African American) [V]. The CKD-EPI equation may be as defined in formula VI: eGFR=141×min^(α)×max^(−1.209)×0.993^(Age)×(1.018 if female)×(1.159 if black) [VI], wherein “min” indicates the minimum of S_(cr)/κ or 1, “max” indicates the maximum of S_(cr)/κ or 1, S_(cr) is serum creatinine in mg/dL, κ is 0.7 for females and 0.9 for males, and α is −0.329 for females or −0.411 for males.

In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure are selected from the group consisting of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), coronary revascularisation, carotid revascularisation, peripheral arterial revascularisation, >50% stenosis of coronary arteries, >50% stenosis of carotid arteries, >50% stenosis of lower extremity arteries, history of symptomatic coronary heart disease (e.g. documented by positive exercise stress test or any cardiac imaging), unstable angina pectoris (e.g. with ECG (electrocardiogram) changes), asymptomatic cardiac ischemia (e.g. documented by positive nuclear imaging test or exercise test or dobutamine stress echo), chronic heart failure NYHA class and moderate-severe chronic renal failure (e.g. having clinically reached a stage corresponding to a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m² per Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) or <60 mL/min per Cockroft-Gault formula). In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), coronary revascularisation, carotid revascularisation, peripheral arterial revascularisation, wherein the event occurred before initiating insulin degludec administration. In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure may be selected from the group consisting of: a) myocardial infarction; b) stroke or prior transient ischaemic attack (TIA); c) coronary revascularisation, carotid revascularisation, or peripheral arterial revascularisation; d) >50% stenosis on angiography or other imaging of coronary, carotid or lower extremity arteries; e) history of symptomatic coronary heart disease documented by positive exercise stress test or any cardiac imaging, or unstable angina pectoris with ECG (electrocardiogram) changes; f) asymptomatic cardiac ischemia documented by positive nuclear imaging test or exercise test or dobutamine stress echo; g) chronic heart failure NYHA class and h) chronic renal failure, having clinically reached a stage corresponding to a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m² per Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) or <60 mL/min per Cockroft-Gault formula. In some embodiments, the subject experienced the a) myocardial infarction; b) stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA); or c) coronary, carotid or peripheral arterial revascularisation as a prior event before the time of insulin degludec administration. In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of prior myocardial infarction, prior stroke, and prior transient ischaemic attack (TIA). In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of prior coronary revascularisation, prior carotid revascularisation, and prior peripheral arterial revascularisation. In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of >50% stenosis of coronary arteries, >50% stenosis of carotid arteries, and >50% stenosis of lower extremity arteries. In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of history of symptomatic coronary heart disease (e.g. documented by positive exercise stress test or any cardiac imaging), and unstable angina pectoris (e.g. with ECG (electrocardiogram) changes). In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of asymptomatic cardiac ischemia (e.g. documented by positive nuclear imaging test or exercise test or dobutamine stress echo). In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of chronic heart failure NYHA class II-III. In some embodiments the cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure is selected from the group consisting of moderate-severe chronic renal failure (e.g. having clinically reached a stage corresponding to a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m² per Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) or <60 mL/min per Cockroft-Gault formula). In some embodiments the “prior” as used herein refers to before insulin degludec administration.

The glomerular filtration rate may alternatively be determined by the “Cockroft-Gault formula” may be as defined by Formula III: CrCl (mL/min)=(N×[140-age (years)]×weight*(kg))/Serum creatinine (μM) [III], wherein CrCl is the Cockcroft and Gault creatinine clearance, wherein N is 1.23 for males and 1.04 for females, and wherein if actual weight is greater than 120% IBW then weight is the ideal body weight (IBW) as defined in Formula IIIc: IBW (kg)=(no of inches over 5 ft×2.3)+M [IIIc], wherein M is 50 for males and 45.5 for females.

Heart failure exists in different degrees of severity. The most commonly used classification system of heart failure is the New York Heart Association Functional Classification (also referred to as “NYHA”). NYHA categorises subjects in one of four classes I-IV (Table A), based on their degree of limitation during physical activity, and optionally an additional subgroup A-D based on objective assessments, for further details see The Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association. Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels. 9th ed. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown & Co; 1994:253-256). In some embodiments the subject has heart failure NYHA class I-III, such as class I, class II or class III.

TABLE A NYHA class I-IV criteria NYHA Class Functional Capacity of the subject I Subjects with cardiac disease but without resulting limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, or anginal pain. II Subjects with cardiac disease resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. They are comfortable at rest. Ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, or anginal pain. III Subjects with cardiac disease resulting in marked limitation of physical activity. They are comfortable at rest. Less than ordinary activity causes fatigue, palpitation, dyspnea, or anginal pain. IV Subjects with cardiac disease resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms of heart failure or the anginal syndrome may be present even at rest. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased.

The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be myocardial infarction. The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be stroke or prior transient ischaemic attack (TIA). The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be coronary, carotid or peripheral arterial revascularisation. The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be >50% stenosis on angiography or other imaging of coronary, carotid or lower extremity arteries. The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be history of symptomatic coronary heart disease documented by positive exercise stress test or any cardiac imaging, or unstable angina pectoris with ECG changes. The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be asymptomatic cardiac ischemia documented by positive nuclear imaging test or exercise test or dobutamine stress echo. The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be chronic heart failure NYHA class II-III. The “cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and/or chronic heart failure” may be chronic renal failure, having clinically reached a stage corresponding to a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m² per Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) or <60 mL/min per Cockroft-Gault formula.

In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of at least 30 kg/m². BMI (body mass index) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight. The formula for calculation is BMI=(weight in kilograms)/(height in meters)². In some embodiments the subject has a BMI in the range of 30-50 kg/m². In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of at least 33 kg/m². In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of at least 35 kg/m². In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of at least 37 kg/m². In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of at least 40 kg/m². In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of up to 45 kg/m². In some embodiments the subject has a BMI of up to 40 kg/m².

In some embodiments the subject does not have type 1 diabetes. In some embodiments the subject already receives administration of a basal insulin prior to initiating administration of insulin degludec according to the present invention. In some embodiments the subject already receives administration of a basal insulin which is not insulin degludec prior to initiating administration of insulin degludec according to the present invention. In some embodiments the subject does not have an acute coronary or cerebrovascular event in the previous 14 days. In some embodiments the subject does not receive continuous renal replacement therapy. In some embodiments the subject does not have end-stage liver disease. In some embodiments the subject does not have chronic heart failure NYHA IV. In some embodiments the subject does not have a prior solid organ transplant or awaiting solid organ transplant.

Insulin Degludec

Insulin degludec is the compound N^(εB29)-(N^(α)-(HOOC(CH₂)₁₄CO)-γ-Glu) desB30 human insulin. Insulin degludec may be prepared as described in WO2005/012347.

Pharmaceutical Composition

Insulin degludec may be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. The pharmaceutical composition may comprise insulin degludec in a concentration from 300 to 1800 nmol/mL. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises 300-1800 nmol/mL, 500-1300 nmol/mL, about 600 nmol/mL, or about 1200 nmol/mL insulin degludec. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises 600-1200 nmol/mL insulin degludec.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may further comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, for example selected from the group consisting of buffer system, preservative, tonicity agent, chelating agent, stabilizer and surfactant. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as one or more selected from the group consisting of a buffer, an isotonic agent, and a preservative. The formulation of pharmaceutically active ingredients with various excipients is known in the art, see e.g. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (e.g. 19th edition (1995), and any later editions). The term “excipient” broadly refers to any component other than the active therapeutic ingredient(s), e.g. insulin degludec. The excipient may be an inert substance, an inactive substance, and/or a not medicinally active substance.

In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises a phosphate buffer, such as a sodium phosphate buffer, e.g. disodium phosphate. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises an isotonic agent, such as glycerol. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition comprises a preservative, such as phenol or a mixture of phenol and m-cresol.

The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of a solution or a suspension. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition is aqueous composition, such as an aqueous solution or an aqueous suspension. The term “aqueous composition” is defined as a composition comprising at least 50% w/w water. Likewise, the term “aqueous solution” is defined as a solution comprising at least 50% w/w water, and the term “aqueous suspension” is defined as a suspension comprising at least 50% w/w water. An aqueous composition may comprise at least 50% w/w water, or at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or even at least 90% w/w of water. In some embodiments the pharmaceutical composition has a pH in the range of 7.0-8.0.

In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising from about 600 to 1200 nmol/mL insulin degludec and from about 20 to about 80 μg/mL zinc. In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising about 600 nmol/mL insulin degludec, about 1.50 mg/mL phenol, about 1.72 mg/mL metacresol, about 19.6 mg/mL glycerol, about 32.7 μg/mL zinc, and pH is about 7.6. In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising 600 nmol/mL insulin degludec, 1.50 mg/mL phenol, 1.72 mg/mL metacresol, 19.6 mg/mL glycerol, 32.7 μg/mL zinc, and pH is 7.6. In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising about 1200 nmol/mL insulin degludec, about 1.50 mg/mL phenol, about 1.72 mg/mL metacresol, about 19.6 mg/mL glycerol, about 71.9 μg/mL zinc, and pH is about 7.6. In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising 1200 nmol/mL insulin degludec, 1.50 mg/mL phenol, 1.72 mg/mL metacresol, 19.6 mg/mL glycerol, 71.9 μg/mL zinc, and pH is 7.6.

In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered together with liraglutide, e.g. in the form of a combination formulation comprising insulin degludec and liraglutide. Liraglutide is the GLP-1 receptor agonist Arg34,Lys26-(N-epsilon-(gamma-L-glutamyl(N-alfa-hexadecanoyl)))-GLP-1(7-37). Liraglutide may be prepared as described in Example 37 of WO98/08871. In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising about 600 nmol/mL insulin degludec, about 3.6 mg/mL liraglutide, about 5.70 mg/mL phenol, about 19.7 mg/mL glycerol, about 55 μg/mL zinc (as zinc acetate), and pH 8.15. In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition comprising 600 nmol/mL insulin degludec, 3.6 mg/mL liraglutide, 5.70 mg/mL phenol, 19.7 mg/mL glycerol, 55 μg/mL zinc (as zinc acetate), and pH 8.15.

Administration Regimen

Insulin degludec may be administered in a therapeutically effective amount, such as an amount therapeutically effective to treat type 2 diabetes. The therapeutically effective amount of insulin degludec can be assessed by a medical doctor. The dosage of insulin degludec may be in the range from 0 to 100 units (U), such as from 20 to 100 U.

Insulin degludec may be administered once daily. In some embodiments insulin degludec is administered once daily at any time in the day. In some embodiments the daily dosage of insulin degludec is in the range from 20 to 100U, such as in the range from 40 to 80U.

In some embodiments the term “chronic treatment” as used herein with reference to insulin degludec means administration in an amount and frequency to provide a therapeutic effect. In some embodiments the term “chronic treatment” as used herein with reference to insulin degludec means once daily administration 0-100 U, such as 20-100 U insulin degludec.

Insulin degludec may be administered via parenteral administration, for example subcutaneous injection. Insulin degludec may be administered using a pen-injector, such as a 3 ml disposable pen-injector.

Unless otherwise stated, ranges herein include their end points. In some embodiments the term “a” means “one or more”. In some embodiments, and unless otherwise indicated in the specification, terms presented in singular form also include the plural situation. Herein the term “about” means±10% of the value referred to, and includes the value.

Non-Limiting Embodiments of the Invention

Non-limiting embodiments of the invention include:

-   -   1. A method for treating diabetes, comprising administration of         a basal insulin in a therapeutically effective amount to a         subject in need thereof, wherein said subject has a         cardiovascular disease or is at risk of developing a         cardiovascular disease and wherein said basal insulin is insulin         degludec, and         -   wherein said method delays or reduces major adverse             cardiovascular event (MACE).     -   2. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein said subject is         a female, has substantially Asian origin, and/or has         substantially African origin.     -   3. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein said subject         has         -   (i) one or more vascular disease selected from the group             consisting of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular             disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure,             and chronic heart failure, and/or         -   (ii) one or more risk factors of vascular disease selected             from the group consisting of microalbuminuria, proteinuria,             hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular             systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic             dysfunction, and ankle/brachial index <0.9.     -   4. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has one or more vascular disease selected         from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease,         cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic         renal failure, and chronic heart failure.     -   5. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has one or more risk factors of vascular         disease selected from the group consisting of microalbuminuria,         proteinuria, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left         ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic         dysfunction, and ankle/brachial index <0.9.     -   6. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has     -   Type 2 diabetes, and     -   HbA_(1c)≥7.0%     -   or     -   HbA_(1c)<7.0% and current insulin treatment corresponding to 20         units/day of basal insulin, and     -   ongoing treatment with one or more oral or injectable         antidiabetic agent(s), and     -   Age ≥50 years at screening and at least one of the below         conditions:         -   prior myocardial infarction         -   prior stroke or prior transient ischaemic attack (TIA)         -   prior coronary, carotid or peripheral arterial             revascularisation         -   >50% stenosis on angiography or other imaging of coronary,             carotid or lower extremity arteries         -   history of symptomatic coronary heart disease documented by             positive exercise stress test or any cardiac imaging, or             unstable angina pectoris with ECG changes         -   asymptomatic cardiac ischemia documented by positive nuclear             imaging test or exercise test or dobutamine stress echo         -   chronic heart failure NYHA class II-III         -   chronic kidney disease corresponding to glomerular             filtration rate 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m² per CKD-EPI     -   or     -   Age ≥60 years at screening and at least one of the below risk         factors:         -   microalbuminuria or proteinuria         -   hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy by ECG or             imaging         -   left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction by             imaging         -   ankle/brachial index <0.9.     -   7. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said diabetes is type 2 diabetes.     -   8. The method according to any of embodiments 1-6, wherein said         diabetes is type 1 diabetes.     -   9. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said MACE is selected from cardiovascular death,         non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, coronary revascularisation and         hospitalisation for heart failure.     -   10. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said MACE is selected from cardiovascular death,         non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke.     -   11.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said MACE is cardiovascular death.     -   12.The method according to any of embodiments 1-10, wherein said         MACE is non-fatal MI.     -   13.The method according to any of embodiments 1-10, wherein said         MACE is non-fatal stroke.     -   14. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said MACE is selected from cardiovascular death,         non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke, and wherein said MACE is         reduced by at least 10% compared to placebo, at least 20%         compared to placebo or at least 30% compared to placebo.     -   15. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.91 compared to         placebo.     -   16. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.91 with a 95%         confidence interval of (0.78;1.06) compared to placebo.     -   17.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment         for at least 12 months.     -   18. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment         for at least 15 months.     -   19. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment         for at least 18 months.     -   20.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment         for at least 21 months.     -   21.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment         for at least 24 months.     -   22.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment         for at least 30 months.     -   23.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment         for at least 36 months.     -   24. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said cardiovascular disease or said risk of         cardiovascular disease were present before the initiation of         administration of insulin degludec.     -   25. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject is a female.     -   26.The method according to embodiment 25 wherein said MACE is         reduced by at least 20% compared to placebo.     -   27.The method according to embodiment 25 wherein said MACE has a         hazard ratio of about 0.76 compared to placebo.     -   28.The method according to any of embodiments 25-27, wherein         said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.76 with a 95% confidence         interval of (0.59;0.99) compared to placebo.     -   29. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has substantially Asian origin.     -   30.The method according to embodiment 29 wherein said MACE is         reduced by at least 50% compared to placebo.     -   31.The method according to embodiment 29 wherein said MACE has a         hazard ratio of about 0.42 compared to placebo.     -   32.The method according to any of embodiments 29-31, wherein         said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.42 with a 95% confidence         interval of (0.22;0.81) compared to placebo.     -   33.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has substantially African origin.     -   34. The method according to embodiment 33 wherein said MACE is         reduced by at least 60% compared to placebo.     -   35.The method according to embodiment 33 wherein said MACE has a         hazard ratio of about 0.30 compared to placebo.     -   36.The method according to any of embodiments 33-35, wherein         said MACE has a hazard ratio of about 0.30 with a 95% confidence         interval of (0.12;0.77) compared to placebo.     -   37. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said method delays MACE.     -   38. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2.     -   39. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has a HbA1c of at least 7%, such as at         least 7.5%, or at least 8.0%.     -   40. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has a HbA1c of at least 7.0% or has a HbA1c         less than 7.0% combined with being subject to insulin treatment         corresponding to at least 20 units/day of basal insulin.     -   41.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject already receives treatment with one or more         oral antidiabetic agent(s).     -   42. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject already receives treatment with one or more         injectable antidiabetic agent(s).     -   43.The method according to embodiment 42 wherein said one or         more injectable antidiabetic agent(s) comprises insulin         glargine.     -   44. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         9 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   45. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         12 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   46. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         15 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   47. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         18 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   48. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         21 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   49. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         24 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   50. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         27 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   51.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         30 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   52. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         33 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   53.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         36 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   54. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said administration of insulin degludec is a chronic         treatment in which insulin degludec is administered for at least         42 months and wherein said method reduces or delays         cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) or         non-fatal stroke.     -   55. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject is at least 50 years of age.     -   56. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject is at least 60 years of age.     -   57. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has moderate and/or severe renal         impairment.     -   58. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has moderate renal impairment.     -   59. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m²,         such as less than 40 mL/min/1.73 m² or less than 30 mL/min/1.73         m², wherein said eGFR may be determined by MDRD.     -   60. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject has an eGFR in the range of 30-59         mL/min/1.73 m², wherein said eGFR may be determined by MDRD.     -   61.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said insulin degludec is administered once daily.     -   62. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said insulin degludec is administered once daily in an         amount in the range of 0-100 U per day, such as from 20-100 U         per day.     -   63.The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said insulin degludec is administered once daily in an         amount in the range of 10-100 U per day, such as from 20-100 U         per day.     -   64. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject receives concomitant treatment with a GLP-1         agonist, such as liraglutide.     -   65. The method according to any of the preceding embodiments,         wherein said subject receives concomitant treatment with         liraglutide by injection of a combination product comprising         insulin degludec and liraglutide.     -   66. A kit of parts comprising     -   insulin degludec,     -   a packaging material, and     -   a label or package insert contained within the packaging         material indicating that subjects receiving the treatment with         insulin degludec can be treated by a method according to any of         embodiments 1-65.     -   67. A kit of parts comprising     -   insulin degludec,     -   a packaging material, and     -   a label or package insert contained within the packaging         material indicating that subjects receiving the treatment with         insulin degludec can be treated by a method according to any of         embodiments 1-65, wherein in such treatment the risk for MACE is         lower than compared to corresponding therapy using insulin         glargine.

EXAMPLES List of Abbreviations

-   -   MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular event     -   HbA_(1c): Glycosylated haemoglobin     -   BMI: Body mass index     -   N: Number of subjects     -   CV: Cardiovascular     -   OAD: Oral antidiabetic drug     -   TIA: Transient ischaemic attack     -   CI: Confidence interval     -   HR: Hazard ratio     -   CKD-EPI: Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration     -   MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease     -   eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate     -   CVD: Cardiovascular disease     -   CKD: Chronic kidney disease     -   NYHA: New York Heart Association     -   SGLT2: Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter type 2     -   SMPG: Self Monitored Plasma Glucose     -   MI: Myocardial infarction     -   UAP: Unstable angina pectoris     -   ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme     -   ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid or acetylsalicylate lysine     -   NS: not significant     -   AACE: American association of endocrinologists     -   ADA: American diabetes association     -   EASD: European association of the study of diabetes     -   ETD: estimated treatment difference     -   FPG: fasting plasms glucose     -   LDL: low density lipoprotein     -   HDL: high density lipoprotein     -   VLDL: very-low density lipoprotein     -   IDeg: Insulin degludec as the product Tresiba®     -   IDegLira : Combination product containing insulin degludec and         liraglutide as active substances (administered as the product         Xultophy®)     -   IGlar : Insulin glargine (Lantus)

Clinical Trial: Materials and Methods

A long-term, multi-centre, multi-national, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, active comparator-controlled trial with 7637 human subjects was carried out with treatment that would continue until at least 633 positively adjudicated primary cardiovascular events were accrued. This trial concerned incidence of cardiovascular events in adult human subjects with type 2 diabetes that were at high risk for cardiovascular events, including such subjects with existing cardiovascular disease. The primary objective of this trial was to confirm the cardiovascular safety of insulin degludec (Tresiba®) compared to that of insulin glargine (Lantus®). The secondary objective was to assess efficacy of insulin degludec on markers of glycaemic control and to assess safety on other parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes that were at high risk for cardiovascular events. All trial endpoints were collected and assessed throughout the entire duration of the trial. Subject inclusion and exclusion criteria were as described in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Type 2 diabetes An acute coronary or cerebrovascular HbA_(1c) ≥ 7.0% event in the previous 60 days or Planned coronary, carotid or HbA_(1c) < 7.0% and current insulin peripheral artery revascularisation treatment corresponding to ≥20 Chronic heart failure NYHA class IV units/day of basal insulin Current haemodialysis or peritoneal Current treatment with one or more dialysis or eGFR < 30 mL/min/ oral or injectable antidiabetic 1.73 m² per CKD-EPI agent(s) End-stage liver disease, defined as Age ≥ 50 years at screening and at the presence of acute or chronic liver least one of the below conditions: disease and recent history of one or  prior myocardial infarction more of the following: ascites,  prior stroke or prior transient encephalopathy, variceal bleeding,  ischaemic attack (TIA) bilirubin ≥ 2.0 mg/dL, albumin level  prior coronary, carotid or ≤ 3.5 g/dL, prothrombin time ≥ 4  peripheral arterial seconds prolonged, international  revascularisation normalised ratio (INR) ≥ 1.7 or prior  >50% stenosis on angiography liver transplant  or other imaging of coronary, Current or past (within the last 5  carotid or lower extremity years) malignant neoplasms (except  arteries basal cell and squamous cell skin  history of symptomatic carcinoma)  coronary heart disease Known or suspected hypersensitivity  documented by positive to trial products or related products  exercise stress test or any Female of child-bearing potential  cardiac imaging, or unstable who is pregnant, breast-feeding or  angina pectoris with ECG intends to become pregnant or is not  changes using adequate contraceptive methods  asymptomatic cardiac ischemia as required by local law or practice  documented by positive nuclear Expected simultaneous participation  imaging test or exercise test or in any other clinical trial of an  dobutamine stress echo investigational medicinal product.  chronic heart failure NYHA Participation in a clinical trial with  class II-III stent(s) is allowed.  chronic kidney disease Receipt of any investigational  corresponding to glomerular medicinal product within 30 days  filtration rate 30-59 mL/min/ before randomisation. Brazil: Receipt  1.73 m² per CKD-EPI of any investigational medicinal or product within one year before Age ≥ 60 years at screening and at randomisation unless there is a direct least one of the below risk factors: benefit to the subject at the  microalbuminuria or proteinuria investigator's discretion  hypertension and left Current or past (within the last 5  ventricular hypertrophy by ECG years) malignant neoplasms (except  or imaging basal cell and squamous cell skin  left ventricular systolic and carcinoma)  diastolic dysfunction by imaging Any condition that in the  ankle/brachial index <0.9 investigator's opinion would make the subject unable to adhere to the initial trial visit schedule and procedures

The subject's characteristics, cardiovascular risk profile, cardiovascular medication, and antidiabetic treatment regimens of the randomised subjects at baseline were as shown in Tables 2-5.

TABLE 2 Baseline characteristics Insulin degludec Insulin glargine Total number of subjects 3818 3819 Male sex, N (%) 2396 (62.8) 2382 (62.4) Age, years 64.9 65.0 Diabetes duration, years 16.6 16.2 HbA_(1c), % 8.44 8.41 BMI, kg/m² 33.6 33.6 Body weight, kg 96.1 96.1 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 135.4 135.7 Diastolic blood pressure, 76.1 76.2 mmHg Full analysis set. N: Number of subjects, %: Percentage of subjects relative to the number of randomised subjects. Demographic information was obtained at the screening visit

TABLE 3 Cardiovascular risk profile at baseline Insulin Insulin degludec glargine Inclusion criteria n % n % Total number of subjects 3818 3819 Age ≥50 years and established CV or chronic kidney disease Prior myocardial infarction 1303 34.1 1303 34.1 Prior stroke or prior TIA 593 15.5 649 17.0 Prior arterial revascularisation 1709 44.8 1662 43.5 >50% stenosis on 960 25.1 965 25.3 angiography Documented history of 653 17.1 637 16.7 symptomatic coronary heart disease Documented asymptomatic 170 4.5 160 4.2 cardiac ischaemia Chronic heart failure NYHA II 468 12.3 487 12.8 or III CKD (eGFR 30-59 mL/min/ 1197 31.4 1193 31.2 1.73 m² per CKD-EPI) Age ≥60 years and risk factors for CV disease Microalbuminuria or 391 10.2 389 10.2 proteinuria Hypertension and left 149 3.9 174 4.6 ventricular hypertrophy Left ventricular systolic and 30 0.8 25 0.7 diastolic dysfunction Ankle/brachial index <0.9 54 1.4 63 1.6 Full analysis set. N: Number of subjects, %: Percentage of subjects relative to the number of randomised subjects, CVD: Cardiovascular disease, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, NYHA: New York Heart Association, eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate, CKD-EPI: Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration

TABLE 4 Cardiovascular medication at baseline Insulin Insulin degludec glargine n % n % Total number of subjects 3818 3819 Antihypertensive therapy 3559 93.2 3550 93.0 Beta blockers 2210 57.9 2190 57.3 Calcium channel blockers 1214 31.8 1244 32.6 ACE inhibitors 1831 48.0 1796 47.0 Angiotensin receptor blockers 1289 33.8 1266 33.2 Others 402 10.5 375 9.8 Diuretics 1902 49.8 1914 50.1 Loop diuretics 856 22.4 882 23.1 Thiazides 887 23.2 855 22.4 Others 537 14.1 534 14.0 Lipid-lowering drugs 3147 82.4 3127 81.9 Statins 3020 79.1 2982 78.1 Fibrates 425 11.1 426 11.2 Ezetimibe 175 4.6 171 4.5 Others 131 3.4 137 3.6 Platelet aggregation 2749 72.0 2741 71.8 inhibitors Acetylsalicylic acid 2501 65.5 2491 65.2 Others 910 23.8 887 23.2 Anti-thrombotic medication 308 8.1 289 7.6 Full analysis set N: Number of subjects, %: Percentage of subjects relative to the number of randomised subjects, ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme, ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid or acetylsalicylate lysine

TABLE 5 Antidiabetic treatment at baseline Insulin Insulin degludec glargine n % n % Total number of subjects 3818 3819 Insulins Insulin naive 604 15.8 624 16.3 Basal insulin only 1454 38.1 1440 37.7 Basal-bolus insulin (including 1760 46.1 1755 46.0 bolus only and pre-mix) Antidiabetic treatment (excl. insulins) Metformin 2294 60.1 2270 59.4 Sulphonylurea 1118 29.3 1111 29.1 Alpha glucosidase inhibitors 63 1.7 70 1.8 Thiazolidinedione 145 3.8 123 3.2 DPP-4 inhibitors 463 12.1 479 12.5 GLP-1 receptor agonists 300 7.9 307 8.0 SGLT-2 inhibitors 82 2.1 86 2.3 Other 50 1.3 68 1.8 Full analysis set. N: Number of subjects, %: Percentage of subjects relative to the number of randomised subjects, SGLT2: Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter type 2. Others include: glinides, amylin analogues and bromocriptine.

An 18-month recruitment period was planned. For each subject, trial duration was estimated to be maximum 60.5 months: screening up to 2 weeks, randomised treatment up to 59 months (depending on rate of MACE accrual), and a post-treatment follow-up period of 30 days.

Subjects were randomised 1:1 in a double-blinded manner to receive blinded insulin degludec or blinded insulin glargine, each added to standard of care. Subjects continued their current antidiabetic therapy except for the basal insulin component (if any), which was replaced by the investigational product. Treatment with bolus insulin was allowed.

Subjects not currently on insulin were to initiate basal insulin at a dose of 10 units OD given between dinner and bedtime. Subjects receiving basal insulin OD were to transfer unit-to-unit from their previous basal insulin dose. Subjects receiving twice-daily (or more) basal insulin transferred to an OD regimen and the pre-trial total basal insulin dose was reduced by 20-30% in accordance with the label for insulin glargine. For subjects receiving premixed/biphasic insulin OD, the basal component was calculated and transferred unit-to-unit to investigational product OD. The bolus insulin component was calculated and transferred unit-to-unit to bolus insulin and given at the most appropriate meal at the investigator's discretion. For subjects receiving premixed/biphasic insulin twice daily (or more), the total basal component was calculated, reduced by 20-30% and transferred to investigational product OD; the bolus component was to be calculated and transferred to insulin aspart and dosed with the most appropriate meals at the investigator's discretion. Subjects treated with bolus insulin as part of their current insulin regimen could be transferred to insulin aspart unit-to-unit from their previous bolus insulin dose, at the investigator's discretion.

Subjects adjusted their basal insulin dose weekly, aiming for a pre-breakfast (fasting) SMPG value of 71-90 mg/dL (4.0-5.0 mmol/L) by using the algorithm in Table 6. The basal dose was adjusted based on the lowest of three pre-breakfast SMPG values, preferably measured two days prior to dose adjustment and on the day of the dose adjustment. No maximum dose was specified. The investigators were to guide the subjects in adjusting their insulin at clinic visits and phone contacts. Investigators and subjects were recommended to follow the basal insulin titration algorithm. Importantly, however, the decision of adjustment of insulin doses was to be based on all available information, such as symptoms of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia, previous responses to dose adjustments and SMPG values other than those required as per protocol.

TABLE 6 Algorithm for adjusting the basal insulin dose Adjustment of Lowest of three pre-breakfast SMPG values basal insulin mmol/L mg/dL Units <4.0  <71 −2 4.0-5.0 71-90  No adjustment 5.1-7.0 91-126 +2 >7.0 >126 +4

Intensification with bolus insulin and other antidiabetic treatments was allowed during the course of the trial. The starting dose of bolus insulin was 4 units per relevant meal. Bolus dose(s) were adjusted weekly based on pre-meal or bedtime SMPG values measured on the three days prior to bolus dose adjustment, aiming for pre-meal or bedtime SMPG values of 71-126 mg/dL (4.0-7.0 mmol/L) by using the algorithm in Table 7. Titration of bolus insulin could also be done based on carbohydrate counting. This was to be done at the investigator's discretion.

TABLE 7 Algorithm for adjusting the bolus insulin dose(s) Adjustment of Lowest of three pre-meal or bedtime SMPG values bolus insulin mmol/L mg/dL Units <4.0  <71 −2 4.0-7.0 71-126 No adjustment >7.0 >126 +2

Subjects received insulin degludec or insulin glargine by subcutaneous administrations once daily in addition to the subject's standard treatment. Basal insulin was injected in the thigh, the upper arm (deltoid area) or the abdominal wall. The formulations were administered in the form of an aqueous solution comprising insulin degludec or insulin glargine, using identical 100 units/mL, 10-mL vials and 1-mL syringes. The aqueous solution of insulin degludec contained 600 nmol/mL insulin degludec, 1.50 mg/mL phenol, 1.72 mg/mL metacresol, 19.6 mg/mL glycerol, 32.7 μg/mL zinc, and had pH 7.6. Insulin degludec may be prepared as described in WO2005/012347.

The results of this trial may be presented herein as a number or fraction of subjects experiencing an event. Alternatively, the results of this trial may be presented with hazard ratios estimated in a Cox proportional hazard model, which is the standard statistical model used for estimating time to an event. The term “hazard ratio” (also referred to as “HR”) as used herein means the instantaneous risk ratio of experiencing an event when administered insulin degludec compared to insulin glargine which are the two treatments in this trial. An upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the HR of less than 1.00 means that the estimated treatment ratio between insulin degludec and insulin glargine with respect to the event of interests is statistically significant in favour of insulin degludec on a 5% significance level. A 5% significance level is the standard level for investigating significance in clinical trials.

TABLE 8 First MACE in selected subgroups Time to first MACE selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke and relevant subgroup hereof Hazard Ratio Insulin Degludec Insulin Glargine Factor (95% CI) n % n % First MACE 0.91 (0.78; 1.06) 325 8.5 356 9.3 Sex Male 0.99 (0.83; 1.20) 226 9.4 225 9.5 Female 0.76 (0.59; 0.99) 99 7.0 131 9.1 Region Africa 0.30 (0.12; 0.77) 6 4.6 18 14.4 Asia 0.42 (0.22; 0.81) 13 4.1 31 9.4 Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for treatment. No adjustment for multiple testing. * In this table MACE is selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular death, non-fatal stroke, and non-fatal MI. %: proportion of subjects with a first MACE, as defined, from the subject first follow-up visit to last patient last visit (16 Oct. 2016). N: number of subjects.

CV Risk Model

For an individual without known cardiovascular disease, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease can be determined for example by using the Framingham General Risk Score, which was developed based on data from the Framingham Heart Study (see Goff et al.: 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Circulation. 2014; 129[suppl 2]:549-573). A high score based on e.g. age, sex, smoking status, cholesterol and blood pressure means that there is a high risk of developing CV disease within the next 10 years.

Based on the DEVOTE trial, a cardiovascular (CV) risk score has been developed for individuals with established cardiovascular risk. This risk score was developed using available medical history, baseline information and cardiovascular events occurring during the trial. The CV risk score is based on baseline information and medical history that significantly predicted cardiovascular events (Table 9). The variables are listed in descending order according to their impact on the overall risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), here consisting of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke. The combination of these variables yields an algorithm that can be used to determine the risk of future MACEs and to determine the benefit of being treated with IDeg compared to IGlar.

TABLE 9 Significant predictors for MACE. Variable Prior myocardial infarction LDL/HDL ratio Prior stroke Insulin treatment regimen HbA_(1c) at baseline eGFR Hepatic impairment Smoking status Age LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, HbA_(1c): glycated haemoglobin A1c, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate

The CV risk score and estimated MACE hazard ratio for CV risk scores by quartiles based on number of events are presented in FIG. 1. The model shows (Table 10) that, for patients who have a high CV risk score, there is a benefit in terms of lower risk of MACE with IDeg compared to IGlar (i.e., hazard ratio IDeg/IGlar<1). This benefit is seen regardless of which of the individual predictors contribute to the high score.

For example, a patient with a prior myocardial infarction and a high LDL/HDL ratio would be expected to have a greater benefit in terms of reduced CV risk when treated with IDeg compared to IGlar. Likewise, a patient treated with basal-bolus insulin who has a high HbA_(1c) would also have a benefit when treated with IDeg.

TABLE 10 Estimated hazard ratio by CV risk score in quartiles. CV risk score N Events % HR 95% CI Very High 732 157 21 0.67 (0.49; 0.92) High 1460 170 12 1.04 (0.77; 1.41) Moderate 2351 182 8 0.89 (0.67; 1.20) Low 3094 172 6 1.02 (0.76; 1.37) CV: cardiovascular, CI: confidence interval, N: number of subjects, HR: hazard ratio

In addition to the CV risk score, a number of subgroups in the DEVOTE trial were shown to have a lower risk of MACE with IDeg compared to IGlar. For example, subjects with a BMI ≥30 kg/m² and diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mmHg, and subjects with a diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mmHg who were treated with statins would have a benefit with IDeg compared to IGlar in terms of risk of MACE (Table 11).

While certain features of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.

TABLE 11 CV risk score in subgroups with >100 events Upper Subgroups Subjects Events Estimate Lower CI CI P-value Age < 65 years AND diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg 1874 146 0.64 0.46 0.89 0.01 Age < 65 years AND treated with statins 2837 239 0.75 0.58 0.96 0.02 Age 65-75 years AND systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg 1930 173 0.70 0.52 0.95 0.02 BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² AND diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg 2107 168 0.68 0.5 0.93 0.02 Diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg AND HDL ≥ 1.0 mmol/L 4385 365 0.80 0.65 0.98 0.03 Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg AND treated with statins 2348 202 0.73 0.55 0.97 0.03 Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg AND triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/L 1584 133 0.69 0.49 0.98 0.04 Height < 170 cm AND treated with statins 2972 274 0.75 0.59 0.95 0.02 Established CV risk^(a) AND diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg 2654 242 0.76 0.59 0.98 0.04 Established CV risk^(a) AND HDL ≥ 1.0 mmol/L 4054 358 0.78 0.64 0.97 0.02 Established CV risk^(a) AND pulse ≥ 70 bpm 3838 375 0.80 0.65 0.98 0.03 Non-White AND diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg 1613 118 0.64 0.44 0.92 0.02 Not Hispanic or Latino AND Non-White 1663 124 0.64 0.45 0.92 0.02 Not Hispanic or Latino AND triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/L 3073 304 0.79 0.63 0.99 0.04 Previous smoker AND age < 65 years 1977 190 0.73 0.55 0.98 0.03 Previous smoker AND cholesterol ≥ 3 mmol/L 3646 359 0.79 0.64 0.97 0.03 Previous smoker AND diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg 1641 162 0.66 0.48 0.9 0.01 Previous smoker AND treated with statins 3378 337 0.79 0.63 0.97 0.03 Previous smoker AND triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/L 2076 207 0.73 0.55 0.96 0.02 Pulse ≥ 70 bpm AND diastolic blood pressure ≥ 80 mmHg 2191 190 0.74 0.56 0.99 0.04 Pulse ≥ 70 mmHg AND treated with statins 3554 323 0.72 0.58 0.9 0.00 Pulse ≥ 70 bpm AND triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/L 2282 229 0.76 0.59 0.99 0.04 Systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg AND HDL ≥ 1.0 mmol/L 2920 232 0.73 0.56 0.94 0.02 Triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/L AND HDL ≥ 1.0 mmol/L 1885 166 0.69 0.51 0.94 0.02 Triglycerides > 1.7 mmol/L AND treated with statins 2772 271 0.78 0.61 0.99 0.04 ^(a)According to pre-defined criteria.

Example 2 Clinical Trial: Materials and Methods

A 26-week randomised, parallel two-arm, double-blind, multi-centre, multinational, treat-to-target trial in 413 human subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with basal insulin and metformin with or without SU or glinides was carried out comparing the efficacy and safety of insulin degludec+liraglutide (Xultophy®, IDegLira) once daily with insulin degludec (Tresiba®, IDeg) once daily both added on to metformin. The primary objective was to confirm superiority of IDegLira vs IDeg in controlling glycaemia in human subjects with type 2 diabetes. The secondary objective was to compare the overall efficacy and safety parameters of IDegLira and IDeg after 26 weeks of treatment. All trial endpoints were collected and assessed throughout the entire duration of the trial. Subject inclusion and exclusion criteria were as described in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Informed consent obtained before any Known or suspected hypersensitivity to trial-related activities (trial related trial products or related products activities are any Previous participation in this trial. procedure that would not have been Participation is defined as randomised performed during the normal (screening failures are allowed to be management of the subject) re-screened once during the Subjects with type 2 diabetes recruitment period) Male or female, age 18 years or above Females of childbearing potential who HbA1c 7.5-10.0% (both inclusive) are pregnant, breast-feeding or intend Subjects on stable daily doses for at to become pregnant or are not using least 90 days prior to screening of: adequate contraceptive methods a. basal insulin e.g.* insulin glargine, (adequate contraceptive measures as insulin detemir, NPH insulin in required by local law or practice). US: combination with Acceptable forms of birth control i. metformin (≥1500 mg or include sexual abstinence; sterilization max tolerated dose) or of either partner; oral, injectable, ii. metformin (≥1500 mg or implant or transdermal hormonal max tolerated dose) and SU methods; intrauterine or vaginal (≥half of the max device or consistent use of proven approved dose according to barrier methods with local label) or spermicide use as indicated. iii. metformin (≥1500 mg or Use of any drug (except for basal max tolerated dose) and insulin, metformin, SU and glinides), glinides (≥half of the max which in the investigator's opinion  approved dose according to local could interfere with glucose level (e.g. label) (* total daily basal insulin dose systemic corticosteroids) within the range of 20-40 units. Treatment with GLP-1 receptor Individual fluctuations of ±10% within the agonists (e.g. exenatide, liraglutide), 90 days prior to screening are acceptable) dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) BMI ≥27 kg/m2 inhibitors and/or thiazolidinediones Able and willing to perform self- within 90 days prior to screening monitoring of plasma glucose Subject with a clinically significant, according to the protocol, to keep a active (during the past 12 months) diabetes diary and to use FlexPen disease of the gastrointestinal, device pulmonary, endocrinological (except for type 2 diabetes), neurological, genitourinary or haematological system (except for conditions associated with type 2 diabetes), that in the opinion of the Investigator, may confound the results of the trial or pose additional risk in administering trial drug The receipt of any investigational product within 30 days prior to screening Impaired liver function, defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) ≥2.5 times upper normal range (UNR) (one retest analysed at the central laboratory within a week from first sample taken is permitted with the result of the last sample being the conclusive) Impaired renal function defined as serum-creatinine ≥133 μmol/L (≥1.5 mg/dL) for males and ≥125 μmol/L (≥1.4 mg/dL) for females, or as allowed according to local contraindications for metformin (one retest analysed at the central laboratory within a week from first sample taken is permitted with the result of the last sample being the conclusive) Screening calcitonin ≥50 ng/L Subjects with personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) Cardiac disorder defined as: congestive heart failure (NYHA class III-IV (see Appendix E)), diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris, cerebral stroke and/or myocardial infarction within the last 52 weeks prior to screening and/or planned coronary, carotid or peripheral artery revascularisation procedures Severe uncontrolled treated or untreated hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mm Hg) Proliferative retinopathy requiring acute treatment or maculopathy (macular oedema) according to investigator's opinion Mental incapacity, unwillingness or language barrier precluding adequate understanding of the trial procedure or cooperation with trial site personnel Known or suspected abuse of alcohol or narcotics History of chronic pancreatitis or idiopathic acute pancreatitis Cancer (except basal cell skin cancer or squamous cell skin cancer), which in the investigator's opinion could interfere with the results of the trial, or cancer during the 5 past years

The subject's characteristics at baseline were as shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Baseline characteristics IDegLira IDeg Total number of subjects 199 199 Male sex, N (%) 112 (56.3) 106 (53.3) Age, years 56.8 57.5 Diabetes duration, years 10.3 10.9 HbA_(1c), % 8.7 8.8 BMI, kg/m² 33.6 33.8 Body weight, kg 95.4 93.5

Eligible subjects were randomised 1:1 to either once daily IDegLira or once daily IDeg, both in combination with metformin. The starting dose was 16 dose steps for IDegLira and 16 units for IDeg and were titrated twice weekly according to the predefined titration algorithm, which was based on FPG levels as seen in table 14. For each subject, the duration of the trial was to be approximately 29 weeks: up to 2 weeks between screening and first treatment, 26 weeks of treatment and at least 1 week of wash-out at the end of the trial. After the trial drug treatment period all subjects were transferred to an alternative antidiabetic therapy at the discretion of the investigator.

The IDegLira dosing unit is defined as a dose step. One (1) IDegLira dose step consists of 1 unit insulin degludec and 0.036 mg liraglutide. Treatment with IDegLira was initiated at 16 dose steps containing 16 units insulin degludec and 0.6 mg liraglutide. Adjustment of the IDegLira dose was performed twice weekly based on the mean of 3 preceding daily fasting SMPG values on 3 consecutive days. Adjustments occurred in 2 dose steps aiming at a fasting glycaemic target of 4.0-5.0 mmol/L (72-90 mg/dL). The maximum allowed dose was 50 dose steps (50 units IDeg/1.8 mg liraglutide). IDeg treatment was initiated with 16 units, and titrated twice weekly to the fasting glycaemic target of 4.0-5.0 mmol/L (72-90 mg/dL) based on the mean fasting SMPG from 3 proceeding measurements as described for IDegLira. The maximum allowed dose was 50 units.

TABLE 14 Adjustment (titration) of IDegLira or IDeg Mean fasting plasms glucose Dose adjustment mmol/L mg/dL Units <4.0 <72 −2 4.0-5.0 72-90 No adjustment >5.0 >90 +2

Subjects received IDegLira or IDeg by subcutaneous administration in addition to metformin. IDegLira or IDeg was injected subcutaneously in the thigh, upper arm (deltoid region) or abdomen once daily preferably at the same time every day. The injection area chosen were to remain unchanged throughout the trial, but rotation within the area was recommended.

The results of the primary endpoint, change in HbA1c, showed superiority of IDegLira over IDeg and was confirmed at equivalent actual insulin doses (45 dose steps for IDegLira/45 units for IDeg), supporting a significant contribution of the liraglutide component to overall glycaemic control. Treatment with IDegLira had a statistically significant favourable effect on FPG, SMPG (mean 9-point SMPG profile and mean 9-point post prandial increments) and body weight when compared to IDeg supporting the contribution of the liraglutide component. Adverse event and tolerability profiles of IDeg were consistent with previous findings.

CV markers

There was a greater decrease in systolic blood pressure with IDegLira (Table 15), and a small but statistically significant increases in mean heart rate were observed with IDegLira versus IDeg (both p<0.001). IDegLira was associated with weight loss versus weight gain with IDeg (estimated treatment difference [ETD] −2.5 kg [−3.2; −1.8]95% CI p<0.0001). Lipid profile improved with IDegLira; total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly lower versus IDeg (Table 16). Additionally, apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were significantly lower with IDegLira versus IDeg (estimated treatment ratio [ETR] 0.92 [0.88; 0.95]95% CI p<0.0001 and 0.66 [0.55; 0.79]95% CI p<0.0001 respectively), while high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was similar after 26 weeks of treatment (ETR 0.90 [0.78; 1.04]95% CI p=non-significant).

TABLE 15 Change from baseline in heart rate and blood pressure IDegLira IDeg Estimated treatment Total number of subjects difference 199 199 (IDegLira vs IDeg) ΔHeart rate, bpm 2.5 −0.6  2.9 (p < 0.05) ΔSystolic blood −5.4 −1.7 −3.7 (p < 0.05) pressure, mmHG ΔDiastolic blood −1.4 −0.7 −0.7 (NS)    pressure, mmHG

TABLE 16 Change from baseline in lipids IDegLira IDeg Total number of subjects 199 199 End of End of Baseline trial Baseline trial Total cholesterol, mmol/L 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.5 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.4 VLDL cholesterol, mmol/L 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 Triglycerides, mmol/L 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 Free fatty acids, mmol/L 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4

In conclusion, people treated with IDegLira had significantly lower systolic blood pressure, lower total cholesterol as well as lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (so-called ‘bad cholesterol’), and significant weight changes in favour of IDegLira compared to people treated with IDeg. A small but statistically significant increase in heart rate was also observed with IDegLira.

Example 3 Clinical Trial: Materials and Methods

A 26-week multinational, multi-centre, open-label, two-arm parallel, randomised, treat-to-target trial in 557 human subjects with T2DM inadequately controlled on insulin glargine (IGlar, Lantus®) at a daily dose between 20-50 units (both inclusive) in combination with metformin was carried out. The primary objective was to confirm the efficacy of IDegLira in controlling glycaemia in human subjects with T2DM on previous treatment with IGlar. The secondary objective was to compare safety of IDegLira to IGlar after 26 weeks of treatment and to confirm superiority of IDegLira versus IGlar after 26 weeks of treatment on one or more of the following: change from baseline in HbA1c, confirmed hypoglycaemia, change from baseline in body weight. All trial endpoints were collected and assessed throughout the entire duration of the trial. Subject inclusion and exclusion criteria were as described in Table 17.

TABLE 17 Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Informed consent obtained before any Known or suspected hypersensitivity to trial-related activities. Trial-related trial products or excipients activities are any procedures that are Previous participation in this trial. carried out as part of the trial, Participation is defined as screening. including activities to determine Re-screening is not allowed. suitability for the trial Females of child-bearing potential who Type 2 diabetes mellitus are pregnant, breast-feeding or intend ≥18 years of age to become pregnant or are not using HbA1c 7.0-10.0% [53-86 mmol/mol] adequate contraceptive methods (both inclusive) by central laboratory (adequate contraceptive measures as analysis required by local law or practice). Current treatment with insulin glargine Argentina: Barrier methods (condom for at least 90 days prior to screening or diaphragm) with spermicide; Stable daily dose of insulin glargine contraceptive pills or intrauterine between 20 units and 50 units (both devices (IUD). Birth control methods inclusive) for at least 56 days prior to will be reimbursed by sponsor. Spain: screening. Total daily dose should be Acceptable forms of birth control within the range of 20-50 units, both (barrier methods, contraceptive pills, inclusive, on the day of screening, but IUD, sterilisation, approved hormonal individual fluctuations of ±10% within implant, contraceptive patch). the 56 days prior to screening are Receipt of any investigational acceptable. medicinal product within 30 days prior Stable daily dose of metformin (≥1500 to Visit 1 (screening) mg or max tolerated dose) for at Any use of oral antidiabetic agents least 90 days prior to screening (OADs) (except for metformin) within Body mass index (BMI) ≤40 kg/m2 90 days prior to Visit 1 (screening) Able and willing to adhere to the Current use of any drug (except protocol including performing self- metformin and insulin glargine) or measured plasma glucose profiles, to anticipated change in concomitant keep a trial diary and to use pre-filled medication, which in the investigator's pen device. opinion could interfere with the glucose metabolism (e.g. systemic corticosteroids) Previous and/or current treatment with any insulin regimen other than basal insulin, e.g. prandial or pre-mixed insulin (short term treatment due to intercurrent illness including gestational diabetes is allowed at the discretion of the investigator) Previous and/or current treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g. exenatide, liraglutide) Impaired liver function, defined as ALAT ≥2.5 times upper normal range (UNR) Impaired renal function defined as serum-creatinine ≥133 μmol/L (≥1.5 mg/dL) for males and ≥125 μmol/L (≥1.4 mg/dL) for females, or as allowed according to local contraindications for metformin Screening calcitonin ≥50 ng/L Personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) Cardiovascular disorders defined as; congestive heart failure [New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III-IV], diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris, cerebral stroke and/or myocardial infarction within the past 26 weeks prior to visit 1 and/or planned coronary, carotid or peripheral artery revascularisation procedures Severe uncontrolled treated or untreated hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg ordiastolic blood pressure ≥100 mmHg) Argentina: Severe uncontrolled treated or untreated hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure ≥150 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg) Proliferative retinopathy requiring acute treatment or maculopathy (macular oedema), according to the investigator's opinion Subjects with clinically significant, active (during the past 12 months) disease of the gastrointestinal, pulmonary, endocrinological (excluding T2DM), neurological, genitourinary or haematological system, that in the opinion of the investigator may confound the results of the trial or pose additional risk in administering trial drug Mental incapacity, unwillingness or language barrier precluding adequate understanding of the trial procedures or cooperation with the trial personnel Known or suspected abuse of prescription drugs, alcohol or illicit substances History of chronic pancreatitis or idiopathic acute pancreatitis Suffer from a life threatening disease including malignant neoplasms and medical history of malignant neoplasms within the last 5 years (except basal and squamous cell skin cancer) Argentina: Active diabetic ulcer or subjects with a history of diabetic foot (ulcers and/or amputation) in a period of 1 year prior to screening.

The subject's characteristics at baseline were as shown in table 18.

TABLE 18 Baseline characteristics IDegLira IGlar Total number of subjects 278 279 Male sex, N (%) 143 (51.4) 137 (49.1) Age, years 58.4 59.1 Diabetes duration, years 11.64 11.33 HbA_(1c), % 8.4 8.2 BMI, kg/m² 31.7 31.7 Body weight, kg 88.3 87.3

Eligible subjects were randomised 1:1 to either once daily IDegLira or once daily IGlar both in combination with metformin. The starting dose of IDegLira was 16 dose steps (16 units insulin degludec/0.6 mg liraglutide) and was titrated according to a predefined titration algorithm with a maximum dose of 50 dose steps (50 units insulin degludec/1.8 mg liraglutide) as seen in table 19. IGlar was given at a start dose equal to the pre-trial daily dose of IGlar (dose-to-dose switch) and was titrated according to a predefined titration algorithm with no maximum dose.

For each subject, the duration of the trial was to be approximately 29 weeks, consisting of a 2-week screening period, a 26-week treatment period and a follow-up visit 1 week after end of treatment. The trial included a screening visit to assess subjects' eligibility and weekly visits/phone contacts during the 26-week treatment period.

Subjects randomised to treatment with IDegLira discontinued the pre-trial IGlar treatment prior to initiating IDegLira treatment with a start dose of 16 dose steps, equivalent to 16 units insulin degludec and 0.6 mg liraglutide. The maximum allowed dose was 50 dose steps (50 units insulin degludec/1.8 mg liraglutide). Subjects randomised for treatment with IGlar discontinued on the pre-trial, stable IGlar treatment prior to initiating IGlar treatment with a start dose of IGlar equal to the pretrial daily dose (dose-to-dose switch). No predefined maximum dose was specified for IGlar treatment.

Adjustment of the dose of IDegLira and IGlar was to be performed twice weekly based on the mean of 3 preceding daily fasting SMPG values on 3 consecutive days. Adjustments were to occur in increments or decrements of 2 dose steps, aiming at a fasting glycaemic target of 4.0-5.0 mmol/L (71-90 mg/dL), see table 19.

TABLE 19 Adjustment (titration) of IDegLira or IGlar Mean of three pre-breakfast SMPG values Dose adjustment mmol/L mg/dL Units <4.0 <71 −2 4.0-5.0 71-90 No adjustment >5.0 >90 +2

Subjects received IDegLira or IGlar by subcutaneous administration once daily in addition to metformin. IDegLira was to be injected subcutaneously in the thigh, upper arm (deltoid region) or abdomen once daily approximately at the same time every day. The injection area chosen was to remain unchanged throughout the trial, but rotation within the area was recommended. IGlar was to be injected according to the approved label and using the pre-trial dosing time and injection site throughout the trial.

The result of the primary endpoint was confirmed showing superiority of IDegLira vs. IGlar demonstrating a glycaemic benefit of transferring from IGlar to IDegLira treatment when in need of intensification. In addition, the glycaemic benefit of IDegLira was furthermore demonstrated by the proportion of subjects reaching the pre-defined HbA1c targets after 26 weeks of treatment. Statistically significantly more subjects in the IDegLira group compared to the IGlar group reached the ADA and EASD target of HbA1c <7% and the AACE target of HbA1c 6.5%. Mean body weight decreased with 1.4 kg in the IDegLira group and increased with 1.8 kg in the IGlar group with an estimated mean treatment difference of −3.20 kg confirming superiority. The proportion of subjects experiencing confirmed hypoglycaemic episodes during the trial was statistically significantly lower in the IDegLira group (28.4%) compared to the IGlar group (49.1%) with an estimated treatment ratio of 0.43 confirming superiority.

CV Markers

There was a greater decrease in systolic blood pressure with IDegLira (Table 20), and small but statistically significant increases in mean heart rate were observed with IDegLira versus IGlar (both p<0.001). IDegLira was associated with weight loss versus weight gain with IGlar (estimated treatment difference [ETD] −3.2 kg [−3.8; −2.6]95% CI p<0.005). Lipid profile improved with IDegLira; total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly lower versus IGlar (Table 21).

TABLE 20 Change from baseline in heart rate and blood pressure IDegLira IGlar Estimated treatment Total number of subjects difference 278 279 (IDegLira vs IGlar) ΔHeart rate, bpm 3.1 −0.2  3.7 (p < 0.05) ΔSystolic blood −3.7 −0.2 −3.6 (p < 0.05) pressure, mmHG ΔDiastolic blood −0.8 −1.4 0.9 (NS)     pressure, mmHG

TABLE 21 Change from baseline in lipids IDegLira IGlar Total number of subjects 278 279 End of End of Baseline trial Baseline trial Total cholesterol, mmol/L 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.6 HDL cholesterol, mmol/L 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.5 VLDL cholesterol, mmol/L 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 Triglycerides, mmol/L 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 Free fatty acids, mmol/L 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4

In conclusion, people treated with IDegLira had significantly lower systolic blood pressure, lower total cholesterol as well as lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (so-called ‘bad cholesterol’), and significant weight changes in favour of IDegLira compared to people treated with IGlar. A small but statistically significant increase in heart rate was also observed with IDegLira. 

1. A method for treating diabetes, comprising administration of a basal insulin in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject in need thereof, wherein said subject has a cardiovascular disease or is at risk of developing a cardiovascular disease and wherein said basal insulin is insulin degludec, and wherein said method delays or reduces major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE).
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject is a female, has substantially Asian origin, and/or has substantially African origin.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject has (i) one or more vascular disease selected from the group consisting of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic renal failure, and chronic heart failure, and/or (ii) one or more risk factors of vascular disease selected from the group consisting of microalbuminuria, proteinuria, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and ankle/brachial index <0.9;
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject has Type 2 diabetes, and HbA_(1c)≥7.0% or HbA_(1c)<7.0% and current insulin treatment corresponding to ≥20 units/day of basal insulin, and ongoing treatment with one or more oral or injectable antidiabetic agent(s), and Age ≥50 years at screening and at least one of the below conditions: prior myocardial infarction prior stroke or prior transient ischaemic attack (TIA) prior coronary, carotid or peripheral arterial revascularisation >50% stenosis on angiography or other imaging of coronary, carotid or lower extremity arteries history of symptomatic coronary heart disease documented by positive exercise stress test or any cardiac imaging, or unstable angina pectoris with ECG changes asymptomatic cardiac ischemia documented by positive nuclear imaging test or exercise test or dobutamine stress echo chronic heart failure NYHA class II-III chronic kidney disease corresponding to glomerular filtration rate 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m² per CKD-EPI or Age ≥60 years at screening and at least one of the below risk factors: microalbuminuria or proteinuria hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy by ECG or imaging left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction by imaging ankle/brachial index <0.9.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said diabetes is type 2 diabetes.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said MACE is selected from cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said MACE is selected from cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke, and wherein said MACE is reduced from about 10% to about 75% compared to placebo, such as from about 20% to about 75% compared to placebo.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein insulin degludec is administered as a chronic treatment for at least 12 months.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject is a female.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject has a BMI of at least 30 kg/m2.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject has a HbA1c of at least 7.0%, such as at least 7.5%, or at least 8.0%.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject has a HbA1c of at least 7.0% or has a HbA1c less than 7.0% combined with being subject to insulin treatment corresponding to at least 20 units/day of basal insulin.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein said subject already receives treatment with one or more oral antidiabetic agent(s).
 14. The method according to claim 1, wherein said insulin degludec is administered once daily in an amount in the range of 10-100 U per day, such as from 20-100 U per day.
 15. A kit comprising insulin degludec, packaging material, and a label, or package insert contained within the packaging material, indicating subjects receiving the treatment with insulin degludec can be treated by a method according to claim 1, wherein in such treatment the risk for MACE is lower than compared to corresponding therapy using insulin glargine. 